Entrepreneurship as an economic force in rural development. By Sultan Rehman Sherief. Magnus School of Business. Chennai, India. ABSTRACTThis paper has attempted to set out the key issues related to entrepreneurship in the context of its relationship with rural development. The analysis is then broadened to understand the determinants of rural entrepreneurship and the environment conducive to its development. Consequently the policies that are necessary to make this environment favorable have been discussed in detail. The generic constraints that are faced by rural enterprises have been listed out. The paper also emphasizes the importance of rural enterprise development in. Swaziland. The conclusion is that to accelerate economic development in rural areas, it is necessary to promote entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial orientation in rural areas is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and subsequent growth of indigenous companies. This in turn would create jobs and add economic value to a region, and at the same time it will keep scarce resources within the community. INTRODUCTIONMore than 1. United Nations Report, 1. As the world’s economies become more interdependent, solving a problem as big and as difficult as poverty demands international alliances. According to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the Millennium Development Goals set forth by the United Nations are a guiding light for international cooperation for development, in particular the target to halve the proportion of hungry and extremely poor people by 2. But the starting point to achieve this target must be the recognition that poverty is predominantly rural. Three quarters of the world’s poor, about 9. The reality is that the Millennium poverty target cannot be met unless the world addresses rural poverty. The World Bank’s new strategy launched in 2. Ian Johnson, the Vice- President for Sustainable Development states that this strategy is contributing to the increase of productivity in rural areas, which will have a very positive impact on other sectors of the national economy. Petrin (1. 99. 4) affirms that rural development is now being linked more and more to entrepreneurship. Basic Features of the Situation of Women in Guyana(2) This section looks at the situation of women in Guyana, who constitute over half the country's population ACB Agricultural Credit Board ARC Agricultural Research Council ARDC Agriculture and Rural Development Corporation AWLC Agricultural Water Liaison Committee CMA Catchment Management Agency CSIR Formerly known as the Council. In this issue we focus on pillar two, the prevention of unintended pregnancies in women living with HIV and the obstacles to successful integration of reproductive and sexual health into HIV programmes which include: Separate. This paper examines the broad idea of gender and development with specific focus on some critical issues and challenges confronting the involvement of rural women in development activities in Nigeria. The paper addresses this. What is needed in addition is an environment enabling entrepreneurship in rural areas. The existence of such an environment largely depends on policies promoting rural entrepreneurship. The effectiveness of such policies in turn depends on a conceptual framework about entrepreneurship (Petrin, 1. This paper deals with the following three issues. Firstly, it sets out the reasons why promoting entrepreneurship as a force of economic change must take place if many rural communities are to survive. Secondly, it deals with what policies are necessary in order to create an environment in rural areas conducive to entrepreneurship. And thirdly, it considers the generic constraints that are faced by entrepreneurs in rural areas and the initiatives that can assist their development. THE IMPORTANCE OF RURAL ENTERPRENEURSHIPa) The Entrepreneurship Concept. In order to understand the role played by entrepreneurs in developing an economy it is first important to understand the concept of entrepreneurship. Taking this into consideration, one can find that each of the traditional definitions has its own weakness. The origins and determinants of entrepreneurship span a wide spectrum of theories and explanations (Brock and Evans, 1. Carree, 1. 99. 7; Carree, Van Stel, Thurik and Wennekers, 2. Gavron, Cowling, Holtham and Westall, 1. OECD, 1. 99. 8a). However, it is generally accepted that policy measures can influence the level of entrepreneurship (Storey, 1. EZ, 1. 99. 9). Research analyzing the determinants of the decision to start a new business has so far stressed the role of individual characteristics, access to capital and institutions. Social factors may also play a role in the decision to become an entrepreneur because, as shown by a growing literature, social interactions affect the payoffs from a variety of economic decisions. Therefore, policies and programs designed specifically for entrepreneurship promotion can greatly affect the supply of entrepreneurs and thus indirectly represent an important source of entrepreneurship. This view has important implications for entrepreneurship development in rural areas. If currently entrepreneurial activities in a given rural area are not thriving it does not mean that entrepreneurship is something inherently alien to rural areas. While this feeling could have some legacy due to the slower pace of changes occurring in rural areas compared to urban ones, proper action can make a lot of difference with respect to entrepreneurial behavior of people living in rural areas. Evaluation and research working paper series, number 1. Home; customs, traditions remain obstacles to women’s rights in equatorial guinea say anti-discrimination committee experts; customs, traditions remain obstacles to women’s rights in equatorial guinea say anti. The lives of women in China have significantly changed throughout reforms in the late Qing Dynasty, the Chinese Civil War, and rise of the People's Republic of China, which publicly committed itself to gender equality. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; Abbreviation: NAACP: Formation: February 12, 1909; 107 years ago (1909-02-12) Purpose 'To ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights. Chandler, Participation as a Process - what we can learn from Grameen Bank, NORAD, Oslo, 1986. Role played by entrepreneurs in rural development. Entrepreneurial activity and new firm formation are unquestionably considered engines of economic growth and innovation (Baumol, 1. Murphy, Shleifer and Vishny, 1. As such, they are among the ultimate determinants of the large regional differences in economic performance. The importance of new firm formation for growth has been recognized since Schumpeter (1. According to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report (2. Entrepreneurial orientation in rural areas is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and subsequent growth of indigenous companies. This in turn would create jobs and add economic value to a region, and at the same time it will keep scarce resources within the community. According to Petrin (1. Studies conducted by Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean (ECLAC) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) in the Latin American and Caribbean region have indicated that rural enterprises can be an important modernizing agent for small agriculture. Governments have supported this process by creating incentives for agro- industry to invest in such regions. This has not only been in developing countries, but it has also been a clear policy of the European Union (EU) which channels a large part of the total common budget to develop the backward and poor regions of Europe. Lyson (1. 99. 5) echoes the prospects of small- enterprise framework as a possible rural development strategy for economically disadvantaged communities and provides this description of the nature of small- scale flexibly specialized firms: “First, these businesses would provide products for local consumption that are not readily available in the mass market. Second, small- scale technically sophisticated enterprises would be able to fill the niche markets in the national economy that are too small for mass producers. Third, small, craft- based, flexibly specialized enterprises can alter production quickly to exploit changing market conditions.”According to a study conducted in the United States it has been found that rural poverty has become as intense as that found in the inner cities, and has stubbornly resisted a variety of attempts at mitigation through economic development policies. The latest strategy for addressing this problem is the encouragement of emerging “home- grown” enterprises in rural communities. The expectation is that these new ventures- a) will provide jobs or at least self- employment; b) will remain in the areas where they were spawned as they grow; c) and will export their goods and services outside the community, attracting much- needed income. Entrepreneurship in rural areas is finding a unique blend of resources, either inside or outside of agriculture. The economic goals of an entrepreneur and the social goals of rural development are more strongly interlinked than in urban areas. For this reason entrepreneurship in rural areas is usually community based, has strong extended family linkages and a relatively large impact on a rural community. POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIPStudies have shown that SMEs in rural areas in the UK (particularly remote rural areas) have outperformed their urban counterparts in terms of employment growth (Keeble et al,1. Smallbone et al, 1. Behind each of the success stories of rural entrepreneurship there is usually some sort of institutional support. Lu Rongsen(1. 99. Western Sichuan highlights the important factors responsible for the rapid development of enterprises in the area. These include- uniqueness of the products in so far as they are based on mountain- specific, local natural resources; development of infrastructure; strong and integrated policy support from government; and a well- planned marketing strategy and link- up with larger companies and organizations for marketing nation- wide and abroad. According to Petrin (1. The policies and programs targeted specifically to the development of entrepreneurship do not differ much with respect to location. In order to realize their entrepreneurial ideas or to grow and sustain in business, they all need access to capital, labor, markets and good management skills. What differs is the availability of markets for other inputs. The inputs into an entrepreneurial process- capital, management, technology, buildings, communications and transportation infrastructure, distribution channels and skilled labor, tend to be easier to find in urban areas. Professional advice is also hard to come by. Consequently, entrepreneurial behavior, which is essentially the ability to spot unconventional market opportunities, is most lacking in those rural areas where it is most needed i. Rural entrepreneurship is more likely to flourish in those rural areas where the two approaches to rural development, the . The second prerequisite for the success of rural entrepreneurship, the . The regional development agencies that fit both criteria can contribute much to rural development through entrepreneurship. The National Spatial Strategy (NSS), the national planning framework for Ireland for the next 2.
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